In addition, the population isolation due to Pleistocene sea level fluctuations was also considered as a major contributor to genetic disjunctions. For example, biological evidence suggests that the formation of a mid-peninsula seaway during the late Miocene to middle Pleistocene should result in a narrow but deep mid-peninsula phylogeographical break in Baja, California, USA. Geological events such as the formation of bays and seaways can create physical and/or biogeographical barriers, resulting in genetic disjunctions over a long historic time scale. Īs historical vicariance and recent gene flow do not function absolutely independently in marine and coastal ecosystems, their complex interactions have been used to interpret the current phylogeographical and population genetic patterns in many marine species. Widespread ancestors by vicariant/isolating events lead to disjunct distributions of genetic diversity, while recent gene flow, either by natural processes such as natural dispersal or by human-mediated gene flow, can potentially prevent both reproductive isolation and morphological divergence, resulting in weak phylogeographical patterns and strong genetic homogeneity among isolated populations. In summary, two major competing forces in the marine realm, that is historical vicariant (isolating) events such as geological barriers versus recent events such as recent gene flow, are commonly used to interpret the phylogeographical patterns and population genetic structure at varied geographical scales. One of the major goals of phylogeographical analyses is to elucidate relative roles of multiple evolutionary and ecological forces that shape the current distribution patterns of biodiversity. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: All sequences have been deposited into NCBI GenBank with the accession numbers (KY100528-KY100865).įunding: This work was partially supported by the 100-Talent Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences to AZ and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41606191) to HL. Received: MaAccepted: JPublished: July 12, 2017Ĭopyright: © 2017 Pu et al. PLoS ONE 12(7):Įditor: Tzen-Yuh Chiang, National Cheng Kung University, TAIWAN
Deep investigations should be performed on these factors, particularly their respective roles in determining evolutionary/ecological processes to form phylogeographical patterns in species with high dispersal capacities in marine and coastal ecosystems.Ĭitation: Pu C, Li H, Zhu A, Chen Y, Zhao Y, Zhan A (2017) Phylogeography in Nassarius mud snails: Complex patterns in congeneric species. Multiple factors, including larval ecology, interactions between dispersal and natural selection, and human activity-mediated dispersal, can partially explain the complex patterns observed in this study. Available evidence suggests that related species with similar biological characteristics may not be necessary to result in consistent phylogeographical patterns. Interestingly, we observed complex phylogeographical patterns both within single species and across multiple species, and multiple analyses showed varied levels of genetic heterogeneity among sites within and across species. Here, we used a species-rich genus Nassarius to assess and compare phylogeographical patterns in congeneric species, and discuss causes and consequences underlying varied phylogeographical patterns.
However, the violation of such realization has been frequently reported, and it remains largely unexplored on mechanisms responsible for various phylogeographical patterns observed in different species at varied geographical scales. In marine and coastal ecosystems, it has been generated a common realization that species with enormous population size and pelagic larval stages can disperse across broad geographical scales, leading to weak or even no phylogeographical structure across large geographical scales. One major goal for phylogeographical studies is to elucidate respective roles of multiple evolutionary and ecological forces that shape the current distribution patterns.
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